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Epiglottitis
Definition
Epiglottitis is inflammation of the cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe).
See also: Croup
Alternative Names
SupraglottitisCauses
Epiglottitis is a life-threatening disease. The epiglottis is a piece of cartilage at the back of the tongue that closes off the windpipe when swallowing. It keeps food from entering the airways, so you don't cough or choke after swallowing.
Epiglottitis causes swelling of the epiglottis, which leads to breathing problems. Swelling of the epiglottis is usually caused by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), although it may be caused by other bacteria or viruses. Upper respiratory infections can lead to epiglottitis. Medicines or diseases that weaken the immune system can make adults more prone to epiglottitis.
Epiglottitis is most common in children between 2 and 6 years old. Rarely, epiglottitis can occur in adults, and it may be easily overlooked in such patients.
The occurrence of epiglottitis has decreased steadily in the United States since the H. influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine became a routine childhood immunization in the late 1980s.
Symptoms
Epiglottitis begins with a high fever and sore throat. Other symptoms may include:- Abnormal breathing sounds (stridor)
- Chills, shaking
- Cyanosis (blue skin coloring)
- Drooling
- Difficulty breathing (patient may need to sit upright and lean slightly forward to breathe)
- Difficulty swallowing
- Voice changes (hoarseness)
Exams and Tests
Epiglottitis is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical help. Do not use a tongue depressor (tongue blade) to try to examine the throat at home, as this may make the condition worse.
The health care provider will examine the voice box (larynx) using either a small mirror held against the back of the throat or a viewing tube called a laryngoscope. (See: laryngoscopy) The exam may show a swollen and red epiglottis.
Tests used to diagnose epiglottitis may include:
- Blood culture or throat culture -- may show H. influenzae or other bacteria
- Complete blood count (CBC) -- may show a high number of white blood cells
- Neck x-rays -- may show a swollen epiglottis
Treatment
The patient will be admitted to the hospital, usually an intensive care unit (ICU).
Treatment may include methods to help the patient breathe, including:
- Moistened (humidified) oxygen
- Breathing tube (intubation)
Other treatments may include:
- Fluids given through a vein (by IV)
- Antibiotics to treat the infection
- Anti-inflammatory medicines called corticosteroids to decrease throat swelling
Outlook (Prognosis)
Epiglottitis can be a life-threatening emergency. However, with proper treatment, the outcome is usually good.
Possible Complications
Spasm may cause the airway to close abruptly. In this case, death follows within minutes.
The airway may become totally blocked, which could result in death.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call the local emergency number (such as 911) if your child has symptoms of epiglottitis, including sudden breathing difficulties, excessive drooling, and irritability.
Prevention
The bacterial infection that causes epiglottitis is contagious, so family members should be screened and treated if appropriate. Have your children immunized with the Hib vaccine.
References
Sobol SE. Epiglottitis and Croup. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. June 2008; 41(3); 551-566.
Alcaide ML. Pharyngitis and epiglottitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. June 2007; 21(2): 449-69, vii.
Reviewed By: Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
